美国网友：中国已是世界第二大世界银行，为何信用卡却不太受欢迎？

2.店铺

3. Credit card issuer - the person bearing credit risk, usually a bank, such as JPMorgan Chase, Wells Fargo Bank or Bank of China

3.钱包发坎行-承担信誉风险的人，举例来说是银行业，如摩根大通、富国银行业或华南地区银行业

4. Transaction network - person who facilitates transactions between merchants and buyers, such as Visa, MasterCard or China UnionPay

4.股票交易网上-促进店铺和租客错综有用股票交易的人，例如Visa、万事达坎或华南地区银联

Now let's go back to the late 1990s. After about 20 years of rapid development, China's consumer economy has just reached the level where some consumers began to think about the world beyond cash. Ten years ago, China was a 100% cash based economy, and the way of payment seemed almost the same as in the past 1000 years. If you pull a person out of China in the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century, put him in a wet goods market in about 2009, and then give him a cash, buying and consumption is not a problem for him at all.

现今让我们回到20世纪90八十年代末，在经历了大将近20年的快速拓展便，华南地区的消费农业刚刚达到一些消费开始思考保证金以外的相比较世界的高度。到十年前所，华南地区还是一个100%以保证金蓝本的国际贸易，缴交方式为看起来与依然一千年仅仅一样。如果你把一个人从9世纪的唐朝开端的华南地区拉出来，把他放在大将近2009年的一个湿货低价，然后给他一笔保证金，专设消费对他来知道毕竟不是疑虑。

The only businesses that may accept credit cards are those that cater to foreigners; Places like five-star hotels and airports. For the other 99% of Chinese businessmen, implementing the credit card system requires considerable investment in credit card processing terminals and secure data communication lines... In return for your investment, you are lucky to hand over 2-3% of each transaction to the American payment company. "No, thank you. Let's use cash," almost every Chinese businessman replied.

唯一可能放弃钱包的商家是那些迎合本地人的之外；像五星级赌场和机场之类的之外。对于其他99%的华南地区商人来知道，实施钱包的系统能够在钱包妥善处理网上连接和公共安全数据资料通信的线路总体同步进行极大的融资……作为对您融资的在短期内，您有幸将每笔股票交易的2-3%交给美国政府缴交日本公司。“不用了，谢谢，我们还是用保证金吧”仅仅每个华南地区商人都这样看看。

Now, from the perspective of consumers, credit cards are only useful where you can actually use them. Otherwise, they are just a debt made of plastic, occupying precious space in your wallet. As few businesses accept credit cards, Chinese consumers have little demand for credit cards. This is a typical chicken/egg problem.

现今，从消费的视角来看，钱包只有在你可以实际用于的之外才有用，否则，它只是一笔由塑料制成的负债，在你的钱包中占总据了宝贵的空间。由于放弃钱包的商家很少，华南地区消费对钱包的市场需求也很少。这是一个典型的牛/鸟蛋疑虑。

In the early days, Chinese consumers basically had no recorded credit records. All banks - usually acting as credit card issuers - were owned/controlled by the state, and there was no incentive to sell credit cards to consumers; This was largely true even after China established China UnionPay in 2002 to provide a local alternative to the global and mainly US led trading network. The promotion of credit cards is painfully slow. More than a decade later, less than 10% of the population use credit cards, while almost everyone in the United States has one.

以前的华南地区消费实际上从未记录在案的信誉记录，所有银行业——举例来说承担钱包发行人的角色——都由国内所有/遏制，从未向消费行骗钱包的动机；即使在华南地区于2002年设立华南地区银联（China UnionPay）以包括一个替代在世界上且主要由美国政府实质上的股票交易网上的本地必需便，这一点在更大高度上依然设立。钱包的推广很慢得令人痛苦，十多年后，只有仅仅10%的人口用于钱包，而美国政府仅仅人手一张。

Of course, the slow spread of credit cards is not unique to China. In fact, if you study the development of credit card networks in the United States and Europe, you will find that it took decades for these markets to fully develop.

当然，钱包风行起来比较慢并非华南地区独有。事实上，如果你研究一下美国政府和欧洲地区钱包网上的拓展，你会发掘出这些低价也花了几十年才全然拓展起来。

Even in 2013, China is still a cash based society to a large extent. It is rare to find credit card payment terminals outside the places frequented by tourists and foreigners. However, some major events have occurred one after another. In essence, these events have promoted the rapid rise of China's next-generation payment ecosystem:

即使在2013年，华南地区在更大高度上仍是一个以保证金蓝本的社会。在游客和本地人经常光顾的之外之外，很少能找出钱包缴交网上连接。但是，一些大事件接二连三地引发，从本质上来知道，这些事情倡议了华南地区下一代缴交生态的系统的迅速衰微：

(1) Alibaba developed the next generation e-commerce payment platform in 2004

（1） 阿那时候巴巴于2004年整合了下一代包括商缴交和平台

Alipay is a third-party payment platform launched by Alibaba in 2004 to promote e-commerce transactions on taobao.com. In the early period, it was very similar to eBay. At the beginning of the period, it accounted for a small proportion of the entire trading market like eBay, because it was mainly limited to small (but rapidly growing) e-commerce markets. It has been living in a relatively niche market

缴交宝是阿那时候巴巴于2004年面世的第三方缴交和平台，有助于促进淘宝网上的包括商股票交易。在以前，它与易贝极为相似，期初它像易贝一样在整个股票交易低价之中占总的比例很小，因为它主要仅限于小型（但增长速度迅速）包括商低价。它一直在相对来说为了将的低价内活到…

(2) In less than four years, the use rate of smart phones has gone from "0 to 60%" (2010-2014)

（2） 在仅仅四年的时间那时候，智能手机的流通量从“0到60%”（2010-2014）

This is the key factor for the next-generation payment platform to stand firm, because it eliminates one of the main areas of friction in credit card applications - persuading businesses to invest in expensive credit card processing technologies. The processing capacity of smart phones weakens the processing capacity of typical credit card processing terminals. This is not surprising, as the core credit card processing technology is still based on the infrastructure of the 1980s.

这是下一代缴交和平台并能站稳脚跟的关键因素，因为它一下子消除了钱包应用的主要摩擦课题之一——知道服商家融资于价格昂贵的钱包妥善处理的系统内部设计。智能手机的妥善处理控制能力削弱了典型钱包妥善处理网上连接的妥善处理控制能力。这并不奇怪，因为本体钱包妥善处理的系统内部设计依然基于80八十年代的交通运输。

The technology behind Alipay's QR code based payment system is superior to the back-end credit card processing technology, just as Apple's IOS is superior to Symbian and blackberry, whose core core core was developed before the era of>缴交宝基于QR码的缴交的系统背后的的系统内部设计高于后端钱包妥善处理的系统内部设计，就像iPad的iOS高于塞班（Symbian）和苹果（Blackberry）一样，后者的本体API是在以数据资料为教育中心的无线网上开端以前所整合的。

The widespread existence of smart phones eliminates the need for expensive and cumbersome proprietary credit card payment terminals. Instead, buyers of all sizes can now use their smartphones as a flexible payment terminal - they don't even need to install additional devices/dongles (such as Square) to accept payments. Consumers do not need to wait for plastic credit cards to appear in the mail and be "verified" - they already have a more complex and secure platform in their pockets or wallets. Soon, Alipay refocused its platform on mobile users... The usage rate soared.

智能手机的大多存在消除了融资价格昂贵、不方便的专有钱包缴交网上连接的能够。取而代之的是，现今无论较小的卖家都可以将其智能手机用做一个灵活的缴交网上连接——他们甚至不能够再次安装额外的设备/特密狗（例如Square）来放弃缴付。消费不须等待塑料钱包注意到今邮件中并被“验证”——他们的口袋或钱包那时候从未有了一个更有用、更公共安全的和平台。不久，缴交宝就将其和平台再次聚焦于快速移动Gmail……流通量飙升。

Ironically, this has led to a surge in the installation of payment terminals and digital point of sale (POS) systems across the country, but the focus of these systems is to read the QR code system used by Alipay and wechat payment, not credit cards. For most businesses without credit card terminals before, this is a huge progress. It is not only convenient for payment, but also conducive to general accounting calculation and shrinkage control.

具有讽刺性意涵的是，这避免了全国性各地缴交网上连接和小数销售点（POS）的系统的再次安装暴增，但这些的系统的重点是擦除缴交宝和百度缴交用于的QR码的系统，而不是钱包。对于大多数以前所从未钱包网上连接的商家来知道，这是一个巨大的进步，不仅仅方便了缴付，还有利于一般会计计算、遏制缩水等。

(3) Entering the social circle (2014): WeChat entered the competition with digital red envelope

（3） 转至留言板圈（2014）：百度以小数红包转至竞争

At the beginning of 2014, WeChat, China's largest social platform, launched a new function at the beginning of the Lunar New Year. By linking its (then) relatively small WeChat payment platform with its social/SMS platform, users can remit money to each other in the form of a digital red envelope. At that time, the social/SMS board was already the most widely used application on almost every Chinese smartphone. This is a sensation overnight; Within one month, the use of wallets increased from 30 million to 100 million. Today, WeChat payment supports more than 1 billion active users.

2014年初，阴历新年，华南地区最大的留言板和平台百度（WeChat）面世了一项新功能，Gmail可以通过将其（最初）相对来说小众的百度缴交和平台与其留言板/短信和平台链接起来，以小数红包（hongbao）的形式相汇款，而留言板/短信板子在最初从未是仅仅每个华南地区人的智能手机上用于最广泛应用的应用程序。这是一夜错综有用的轰动；在一个同月内，钱包的用于量从3000万增特到1亿，时至今日百度缴交大力支持10亿多密切关系Gmail。

China's mobile centric digital payment infrastructure has surpassed the relatively old credit card payment infrastructure that dominates most developed countries. All this happened in the blink of an eye - I wrote an article about an eye opening experience. After two years of interruption without visiting China, I felt like a digital novice.

华南地区以快速移动为教育中心的小数缴交交通运输从未超越了在大多数发达国内占总实质上地位的相对来说陈旧的钱包缴交交通运输。这一切引发在眨眼错综有用——我写了一篇短文，讲述了一次让人大开眼界的经历，在中断了两年从未访问过华南地区便，我感觉自己就像一个小数菜鸟。

In addition, China's next-generation mobile centric digital payment infrastructure accelerates the adoption of offline to online (O2O) services in China by making the payment process relatively cheap and less friction. For example, in China, the huge growth of bike sharing is partly due to the ability to conduct payment transactions as low as 1 yuan (15 cents).

此外，华南地区下一代以快速移动为教育中心的小数缴交交通运输通过使缴交每一次相对来说廉宜且摩擦较小，特速了华南地区线下到应用软件（O2O）服务重大项目的改用。例如，在华南地区，共享单车的；还有增长速度在一定高度上是由于并能同步进行低至1元折合（15美分）的缴交股票交易。

The current credit card economic situation - given the dual/oligopoly nature of today's global trading network, my view is unlikely to change - makes it difficult to conduct transactions below a certain value, mainly because the effective profit percentage of intermediaries is low:

现有的钱包农业状况——鉴于相比较在世界上股票交易网上的双重/寡头垄断性质，我的论调并早先转变——使得低于一定价值的股票交易没法同步进行，这主要是因为中介机构的有效营收百份较少：

With its excellent technology, and more importantly, Alipay and wechat payment have firmly established the de facto payment mode in China. At present, the traditional credit card infrastructure really has no chance to enter China on a large scale. The platform built for the modern mobile and digital center world is perfect enough, and consumers do not need to go back to the backward underlying technology to ask for trouble.

凭借其卓越的的系统内部设计，更重要的是，缴交宝和百度缴交从未牢固确立了华南地区事实上的缴交方式为，现有，宗教性的钱包交通运输真的从未从未机会大规模转至华南地区。为现代快速移动和小数教育中心相比较世界紧密结合的和平台从未够大完善，消费从未必需再回到领先的底层的系统内部设计上自讨苦吃。

Americans usually think that credit cards are common all over the world. In fact, many stores in Hong Kong do not accept credit cards, and many stores only accept credit cards when the bill amount exceeds a large amount. This makes credit cards of little use. A considerable number of people in Hong Kong do not have credit cards. The popular electronic payment method here is Octopus card, which was originally used for taking subway and bus. It is a small currency card, and is widely accepted and used.

亚裔举例来说确信钱包在相比较国外都更大多。事实上，港澳的许多百货公司不放弃钱包，而且许多百货公司只有在购买者金额超过一大笔才将放弃钱包。这使得钱包实用价值并不大，港澳有相当多的人从未钱包。这那时候风行的电子缴交方式为是八达通坎，早先用于乘坐地铁和公交车。它是一种小型的货币坎，而且被广泛应用放弃和用于。

I think credit cards are not very popular in poorer countries than China, which means that most people in the world do not have credit cards.

我确信钱包在比华南地区贫穷的国内不太有名，这意涵着相比较世界上绝大多数人都从未钱包。

About 20 years ago, when the mobile phone revolution began, many Chinese families still did not have landlines. Then, China basically skipped this stage and accepted mobile phones faster than many western countries. This phenomenon is more evident in poorer countries. Huawei made a fortune selling mobile network facilities in Asian and African countries.

大将近20年前所，当手机革命开始时，许多华南地区家庭成员依然从未座机电话机。然后，华南地区实际上跳过了这一过渡期，比许多西方国内更快地放弃了手机。这种情形在较贫穷国内比较明显。智能手机通过在亚洲和南美国内销售快速移动网上设施而发了大财。

The same is true of payments. The Chinese are not rich enough to accept credit cards widely. Before credit cards became big enough, new technologies had been introduced. Alibaba developed more convenient Internet payment to promote its online commerce. Subsequently, Tencent launched their Internet payment to facilitate many daily activities in their WeChat applications. It's too late for credit cards.

缴付也是如此。华南地区人不够富有，不能广泛应用放弃钱包。在钱包变得够大大以前所，新的系统内部设计从未推陈出新了，阿那时候巴巴整合了更方便的网上缴交，以促进其应用软件商务。随后，腾讯面世了他们的网上缴交，以便利他们的百度应用程序中的许多日常活动功能。现今钱包从未可惜了。

By the way, China believes that it is unhealthy for two private companies to dominate online banking. It is trying to establish an Internet banking infrastructure - UnionPay, which is fair to all competitors. The government regards the project as an infrastructure comparable to roads, railways and electricity.

顺便知道一句，华南地区确信两家私人日本公司实质上网上银行业该公司是不身心健康的。它正试图建立一个网上银行业交通运输-银联，这对所有竞争对手都是公平的。政府将该重大项目视为可与公路、铁路和电力相比较的交通运输。

After investigation, I won't say that credit cards are not popular in China.

经过报告，我不会知道钱包在华南地区不风行。

By 2016, the number of active credit cards in China is 465 million, or 340000 per million people (taking into account the population of China is 1.35 billion).

到2016年，华南地区的密切关系钱包数量为4.65亿张，即每百万人34万张（考虑华南地区人口为13.5亿）。

I didn't find the data of the United States, but I searched the UK FCA credit card report released in July 2016 on Google（ ). From the following statement:

我从未找出美国政府的数据资料，但在百度上关键字了2016年7同月发布的英国FCA钱包份文件(). 从示例的表述：

1.30 We found that about 6.9% of the cardholders (about 2 million) defaulted or defaulted in 2014... 8.9% of the active credit cards (5.1 million accounts) in January 2015 will default.

1.30我们发掘出，2014年将近6.9%的发坎（将近200万人）拖欠或违将近……2015年1同月密切关系的钱包（510万联系人）记事8.9%将违将近。

I speculate that there are 57 million credit cards in the UK (8.9% of 57 million is 5.1 million), or 877000 cards per million people (the UK population is 65 million).

我推测英国有5700万张钱包（5700万的8.9%是510万），或者知道每百万单单877000张（英国人口为6500万）。

To be sure, in terms of per capita credit cards, Chinese people have far fewer credit cards than British people. But please remember that the UK is very mature in finance and has a longer history in developing the credit card market. In addition, the British are much richer than the Chinese. China's credit card market has just developed for 15 years, and the market is still growing.

诚然，就国民生产总值坎而言，华南地区人的钱包比英国人少得多。但问忘记，英国在金融低价总体极为成熟期，在拓展钱包低价总体有着更长的近代。此外，英国人比华南地区人中产阶级得多。华南地区钱包低价刚刚拓展了15年，低价仍在增长速度。

In China, credit cards are paid through UnionPay in most cases. The following are the data reported by Nelson in 2016. You can find the position of UnionPay:

在华南地区，钱包在大多数意味着是通过银联网上缴交的。问注意是2016年康沃利斯份文件的数据资料。您可以找出银联的立场：

(Please note that the data is credit card plus debit card transactions. Source: card and mobile payment industry statistics)

（问注意，数据资料为钱包特借记坎股票交易。来源：坎和快速移动缴交行业统计数字）

I just searched Google for 15 minutes, and found no direct evidence that credit cards are not popular in China.

我刚用百度关键字了15分钟，从未找出直接证据表明钱包在华南地区不有名。